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Ivor Armstrong Richards (26 February 1893 – 7 September 1979), known as I. A. Richards, was an English educator,literary critic , and rhetorician whose work contributed to the foundations of the new criticism a formalist movement in literary theory which emphasized the close reading of a literary text, especially poetry, in an effort to discover how a work of literature functions as a self-contained,self- refernatia,  esthetic object. He was a pioneer in the domain of new criticism. His path breaking works are,         1. The meaning of meaning 1923         2. The principal of literary criticism. 1924         3.  The practical criticism. 1929 There are three objective to write The practical criticism. 1. To introduce new kind of documentation. 2. To provide new technique. 3. To prepare a new way for educational Method. In his work he discuss about  figurative language as well as metaphorical language ...