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Then and Now : Colonialism, imperialism, and postcolonialism.

Ania Loomba is literary scholar. She wrote the book on Colonialism and postcolonialism. In the second edition of the book she talk about Colonialism and postcolonialism with the effect of  Imperialism and globalization.

In the introduction of the book  Ania Loomba talks about the postcolonial studies after the year 1998. She said that after the year 1998 this studies have become more institutionalized in the western academy.  But at the same time the relevance of the postcolonial studies to the third world country can be questioned on two ground.

1. On earlier ground of being jargonistic, somewhat depoliticized and on encouraging a rare find approach to culture and Literature.
2. Second it can be question on newer ground of unable to account for the complexity of globalization.

She quoted words of stuart Hall,

  " The bearer of such powerful unconscious investment- a  sign of desire for some, and equally for other, a singnifier of danger" 

She say that in previous years postcolonial studies become more important.

After circulation of new idea of empire they have been blamed for giving Colonialism a bad press. These critique attest to the fact that whatever their shortcomings postcolonial studies have managed to make visible history and legacy of European Imperialism.

She further talk about the difficulty of postcolonial studies is due to its interdisciplinary nature of postcolonial studies which may range from the literary analysis.

This theory will help reader to think about the intellectual and political possibilities of these recent developments. According to her there is no need to know the entire historical and geographic diversity of Colonialism in order to theorise, but we must build our theories with awareness of such diversity which exists.

Bruce Robbins warns us thinking small is not enough. He say tht we must stay clear of the easy generalization. We should reatin the right to difficult generalization.

When we talk about postcolonial studies there are certain dangre we found.

1. This perspective becoming institutionalized especially in English department. 

To talk about this Danger she quoted argument from Ella Shohat and  Terry Eagleton.

Ella Shohat points out one negative implications of very acceptability of the term postcolonial in Western academy: it serves to keep bay more sharply political term as Imperialism or geopolitics.

Terry Eagleton ( 1994) makes related accusation that within postcolonial thought one is allowed to talk about cultural difference but not or not much about economic exploitation.

2. According to her second related problem is that, in the classroom the postcolonial function in increasingly formulaic or relative terms. 

To talk about this argument she quoted the words from Peter Hulme.

Peter Hulme point out that non European texts are generally taught only in juxtaposition to or as or offering a critique of  European literature.

We see specific local details, ironically, would be well within the compass of more conventional ' area studies ' but this studies have historically not paid attention to the political, economic and cultural inequalities engendered by Colonialism.

3.  The third result of the boom in postcolonial studies has noon that essay by handful of name brand critic have more important the field itself. 

In the last part of the introduction she talks about the what is further in the book. She devided book into three chapters. She talks about this chapter briefly.

In the first chapter she discuss the different meaning of the term such as Colonialism, Imperialism and postcolonialism.

The second chapter consider the complexity of colonial band postcolonial subject and identities. It also talks about the relationship between capitalism and Colonialism.

In the third chapter she talks about process of decolonization and the problem of recovering the viewpoint of colonised subject from postcolonial perspective are examined.

In the conclusion of the book she talks about the globalization and the future of postcolonial studies. In this part first she talks about the incident of 9/11 which become remarkable change for world. This global war on terror and U. S.  invasion on Afganistan and Iraq  got more tention.  This event takes postcolonial studies worldwide as well as it is also part of phenomenon of globalization.
This provide postcolonial studies fresh ground of worldwide which we now practice.

Critics suggest that it has rendered obsolete a critical and analytics perpative which takes history and legacy of European Colonialism as it's Focal Point.

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's book Empire argue that the contemporary global order has produced.

In this she talked about the transnational identity.  Toady economy politics culture and identity are all better describe in terms of transnational network.

In globalization and postcolonial she takes further argument from Susie O'Brien and Imre Szeman, Tim Brennan, cultural critic like Arjun  Appaduri, Simon Gikandi.

Gikandi astutely observes that despite the fact that globalisation is so
often seen to have made redundant the terms of postcolonial critique, the
radical newness of globalisation is in fact asserted by appropriating the
key terms of postcolonial studies such as ‘hybridity’ and ‘difference’,

She further talk's about racism and also give some argument that how it effect the world. To talk about racism  she take argument form  Etienne Balibar. In her work on neo-racism which Point out that a biological understanding of race has given way to more culture based understanding.

She also talks about  history of culture conflict war war of civilization.  She also takes reference of samhel Hentigton 's clash of civilization and Islamophobia.

P. Sainath talk about market fundamentalism and he remark " And then there was Market ". He says " Market fundamentalism destroys more human lives than any other
simply because it cuts across all national, cultural, geographic, reli-
gious and other boundaries."

Further she talks about  third world country and say that after 1990s  number of poor world wide has increased.

At least she talks about The core premise of post-colonial theory is that it is immoral  for a scholar to put his knowledge of foreign languages and
cultures at the service of American power.

By looking this we found that postcolonial studies as field has grown more after 20th century.

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