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Paper 8 cultural studies

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Name.                 :   Vyas Jeel j.
Roll No                :     15.
Paper No            :    8.  Cultural studies.
Class                    :     M.A. Sem - 2
Topic                   :     American Multiculturalism.
Enrolment No   :    2069108420190045
College               :   Smt.S.B.Gardi Department of English
Email ID             :    jeelvyas15@gmail.com
Submitted         :    Department  of English M.K.B.University   









Introduction :

              When we talk about the culture we found that there is Multiculturalism in several countries like America.  Before knowing about Multiculturalism we must know about culture.

What is cultural ?

Culture’, derives from ‘Cultura’ and ‘colere’ meaning ‘to cultivate’. It also meant ‘to honor’ and ‘project’ by the 19th century in Europe it tastes of the upper class (elite). ‘Culture’ is the mode of producing meaning and ideas. This ‘mode’ is a negotiation over which meanings are valid. Elite culture controls meanings because it controls the terms of the debate.
What is Cultural Study?
Cultural studies is the science of understanding modern society, with an emphasis on politics and power cultural studies is an umbrella term used to look at a number of different subject. Categories studied include media studies including film and Journalism, sociology, industrial culture, globalization and social theory.
“Cultural Studies is not a tightly coherent unified movement with a fixed agenda, but a loosely coherent group of tendencies, issues, and questions.”
Cultural studies is composed of elements of Marxism, Post structuralism and Postmodernism, Feminism, Gender studies, anthropology, sociology, race and ethnic studies, film theory, urban studies, public policy, popular culture studies and Postcolonial studies: those field that concentrate on social and cultural forces that either create community or cause division and alienation.

Five type of cultural studies :

British cultural Materialism
New historicism
American Multiculturalism
Postmodernism and popular culture
Postcolonial studies.

What is Multiculturalism ?




Before knowing about Multiculturalism in America we must know the Multiculturalism. Multiculturalism, the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, deserve special acknowledgement of their differences within a dominant political culture.
That acknowledgement can take the forms of recognition of contributions to the cultural life of the political community as a whole, a demand for special protection under the law for certain cultural groups, or autonomous rights of governance for certain cultures. Multiculturalism is both a response to the fact of cultural pluralism in modern democracies and a way of compensating cultural groups for past exclusion, discrimination, and oppression. Most modern democracies comprise members with diverse cultural viewpoints, practices, and contributions. Many minority cultural groups have experienced exclusion or the denigration of their contributions and identities in the past. Multiculturalism seeks the inclusion of the views and contributions of diverse members of society while maintaining respect for their differences and withholding the demand for their assimilation into the dominant culture.
 In the United States multiculturalism is not clearly established in policy at the federal level, but ethnic diversity is common in both rural and urban areas. Mass immigration was a feature of the United States economy and society since the 1st half of 19th century.  The absorption of the stream of immigrants became in itself a prominent feature of America’s national myth. The idea of ‘Melting Pot ‘is a metaphor that implied that each individual immigrant and each groups of individual immigrant assimilated into American society at their own pace which as defined above is not multiculturalism this is opposed to assimilation and integration.
         As a philosophy multiculturalism began as a part of the ‘Pragmatism movement’ at the end of the 19thcentury in Europe and United States then as political and cultural pluralismat the turn of 20thcentury.  It was partly in response to a new wave of European imperialism in Sub-Saharan Africa and the massive immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans to United States and Latin America. Philosophers, psychologists, historian and early sociologist  such as Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, George Santayana, Horace Kellen, John Dewey,W.E.B. Du Bois and Alain Locke developed concepts of cultural pluralism which known today as Multiculturalism.  William James in his book entitled Pluralistic Universe (1909) refers the idea of a ‘’plural society’’.  Leon Botstein believes a combination of traditional and newer perspectives offers the best alternative: student must read Aeschylus Dante and Shakespeare ‘’because what Shakespeare and Dante and the so called Great Books are all about  is penetrating through details to what’s really essential about the common experience of being a member of this Species.’’
              But at the same time that one reads Thucydides or the subject of being a member of a seafaring, global power, one should also read Bernal Diaz’s account of the conquest of Mexico. Every American should understand Mexico from point of view of the observers of the conquest and of the history before the conquest…….No American should graduate from College without a framework of knowledge that includes at least some construct of Asian History, Of Latin-American History, of American History.

When we talk about the Multiculturalism in  America we must know that it is decided into four parts
African American writers
Latina/o writer
American Indian literature
Asian American writer.

1. African American writer :
 
                       African American writer talked about more slavery system because at that time there was a slavery in America. Mark twin was side of slave and also wrote about them and their feeling. Uncle Tom was the first novel which change sentiment towards the slave. This writer talked about black people and their thoughts. There are also difficult for the people of Mulatto. Mulatto are the person of mixed white and black ancestry especially a person with one white and one black parent.  These writer often display a folkloric conception of humankind.

2. Latin/o writer :

                    They are Mexican American. This indicated a broader sense of ethnicity among Spanish – speaking and most influential group of Latina/o ethnicities in  united states. This culture describes the diversity of Spanish speaking  peoples with the different origin, nationalities religion, skin colour, class identification politics and varying names for theme selves has had an enormous impact upon American culture since it’s beginning
      This people have their own Myth. But the problem of that, their God are seen bad in main Street Antics. For this they also look back to their Myth and also produce story based on that.

3. American Indian Literature :
 
              In American Indian Literature we found that native American wrote about them selves and their problem. They realise that there is wrong is going on with him that is why they come forward and start writing about that. When we look at the American Indian literature  we must remember that there are oral Traduction is also include in this.
            In predominantly oral cultures storytelling passes on religious beliefs, moral values, political Codes and practical lessons of everyday life. for American Indians stories are a source of strength in the fact of centuries of silencing by Euro-Americans. Again a word on names Native American seems to be the term proffered by most academics and many tribal members who find the term Indian a misnomer and stereotype as in ‘’cowboys and Indians’’ or ‘’Indian giver’’ that helped whites wrest the continent away from indigenous people.  Yet ‘’American Indian’’ is often preferred by Indians over ‘’Native American’’ as demonstrated in the names of such organizations as the American Indian movement(AIM) or the Association for the Study of American Indian Literatures (ASAIL),AS Alan R.Velie notes.

4. Asian American writer :

                   Asian American Literature is written by people of Asian descent in the U.S., addressing the experience of living in a society that views them as ‘’Alien’’;  Asian immigrants were denied citizenship as late as 1950s. Edward Said has written of ‘orientalism ‘or the tendency to objectify and eroticize Asians and their work has sought to respond to such stereotyping. Asian American writers include Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Vietnams, Malaysian, Polynesian and many other peoples of Asia, the Indian subcontinent and the Pacific.  Asian American Literature can be said to have begun around 20thcentury primarily with autobiographical ‘’Paper Son’’ stories and ‘’confession’’. Asian American autobiography inherited these descriptive strategies as Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior: Memoires of Girlhood among Ghosts. Jade Snow Wong’s female Bildungsroman was called Fifth Chinese Daughter. The 1st to become known in the West tended to be daughters of diplomats or scholars or those educated in Western mission Schools two Eurasians sisters, Edith and Winifred Eaton were typical.  They immigrated with their parents to the U.S.and while Edith published stories of Realistic Chinese people in Mrs. Spring Fragrances, Winnifred who adopted the Japanese Pen Name ‘’Onoto Owatonna’ was the author of Japanese novel of a highly sentimentalized nature.

Conclusion :

In this we see what actually culture and also come to know about the Multiculturalism. Now a days because of globalization we found that there are country where we found that the Multiculturalism is increasing. Because of multiple culture we also has benefit hat we come to know about the different people and there culture. Busy we also face problem that when some political war between country is going that time the people from the opposite country has to suffer. We also found that people who are around them has starts doubting them.



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